Ethanol Production - How is Ethanol Made

Ethanol can be made from any crop or plant that contains a large amount of sugar or components that can be converted into sugar, such as starch or cellulose. Starch vs Cellulose Sugar beets and sugar cane can be have their sugars extracted and processed. Crops such as corn, wheat and barley contain starch that can be easily converted to sugar, then made into ethanol. Most of the US production of ethanol is from starch, and almost all of the starch-based ethanol is made from corn grown in Midwest states.   Trees and grasses have much of their sugars locked up in a fibrous material called cellulose, which can be broken down into sugars and made into ethanol. By-products of forestry operations can be used for cellulosic ethanol: sawdust, wood chips, branches. Crop residues can also be used, such as corn cobs, corn leaves, or rice stems. Some crops can be grown specifically to make cellulosic ethanol, most notably switchgrass. Sources of cellulosic ethanol are not edible, which means that the production of ethanol does not come into direct competition with the use of crops for food or livestock feed. The Milling Process Most ethanol is produced using a four-step process: The ethanol feedstock (crops or plants) are ground up for easier processing;Sugar is dissolved from the ground material, or the starch or cellulose is converted into sugar. This is done through a cooking process.Microbes such as yeast or bacteria feed on the sugar, producing ethanol  in a process called fermentation, essentially the same way beer and wine are made. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of this fermentation;The ethanol is distilled to achieve a high concentration. Gasoline or another additive is added so it cannot be consumed by humans - a process called denaturation. This way, the ethanol also avoids a tax on beverage alcohol. The spent corn is a  waste product called distillers grain. Fortunately it is valuable as feed for livestock such as cattle, hogs, and poultry. It is also possible to produce ethanol through a wet-milling process, which is used by many large producers. This process involves a steeping period after which the grain germ, oil, starch, and gluten are all separated and further processed into  many useful byproducts. High-fructose corn syrup is one of them and is used as a sweetener in many prepared foods. Corn oil is refined and sold. Gluten is also extracted during the wet milling process and is sold as a feed additive for cattle, hogs, and poultry. A Growing Production The United States leads globally in ethanol production, followed by Brazil. Domestic production in the US leaped from 3.4 billion gallons in 2004 to 14.8 billion in 2015. That year, 844 million gallons were exported out of the U.S., mostly to Canada, Brazil, and the Philippines. It is no surprise that ethanol plants are located where corn is grown. Much of the Uniteds States fuel ethanol is produced in the Midwest, with numerous plants in Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Nebraska.  From there it is  shipped by truck or by train to markets on the West and East coasts. Plans are underway for a dedicated pipeline to ship ethanol from Iowa to New Jersey.   Source Department of Energy. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

City Living vs Country Living Essay example - 1292 Words

City Living versus Country Living Many families and individuals find themselves at some point questioning the advantages of city living versus country living. It is nearly impossible to find a good answer to this question. What is good for one person might not be good for another. Some people enjoy the busy, hyper active metropolitan city where they can use all amenities and have unlimited opportunities for work and leisure. At the same time, other people feel the urge to be closer to Mother Nature, relaxation, beauty, and peace. They take pleasure in living in the calm and peaceful environment of the countryside and spending their free time fishing, hiking, picking berries in the woods, or playing in the creek. In my opinion, the nature†¦show more content†¦On the positive side, urban areas do have better access to choices in healthcare if they suffer from an illness. They have a number of specialists to choose from in their area. However, stress seems to be present in ever y waking moment while living in the city. Whether you live next door to a train track or on a busy street, it can be the most expensive component of life in the city and it takes a toll on your body through time whereas rural areas are calm and peaceful most of the time. In the country, education for kids K-12 is a lot better than in the cities. Families with small children tend to like enrolling them in a smaller school because it’s quiet and safe for their children, and the teachers are with the same children every day and for years sometimes. However, sending them to a bigger school can get them into the wrong kind of crowds and not get to know all their teachers because of the big diversity there is. In the country the ratio of students to the teacher is lower than the city whereas parents of children in the city have a number of choices available for the education. Children and can often select from a long list of both public and private school districts in urban living. Public schools are often filled with a lot of students and are packed into small classrooms however that help the sports team, music, and other elective programs out. Where on the downfall of smaller schools, there are less options but children are more able to make theShow MoreRelatedCountry Living Vs. City Living930 Words   |  4 PagesCountry living vs. City living The country and the city both offer a place to live, but the pollution, entertainment, crime and education; are all reasons why the country is a better place to live and raise a family. A country girl myself, I currently live in the city with my family, but I would give anything to raise my sons in the country. Although much can be learned in the city, you cannot get that small town morale here nor the manners that come from being raised in a small southern town. DespiteRead MoreCompare and Contrast / City Living vs. Country Living Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesCity Living vs. Country Living There are many advantages and disadvantages of choosing to live in the country or to live in the city. But the advantages of living in the country definitely outweigh the advantages of living in the city. In the city, public schools are often packed full of students resulting in larger class sizes and no real teacher student relationship. You would be lucky if your teacher could put a name to your face. Though, bigger schools in the city offer more courses forRead MoreCity Living Is Better Than Rural Living1383 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2014 City Living Is Better Than Rural Living For many years until present in the USA, living in the countryside was the first choice for people who got tired of the city life. These people wanted to live in a beautiful and peaceful area and far away from the noise of the city. However, urban people who are experiencing city life are not conscious of the problems they might face when they move to rural areas. Therefore, in the United States of America, moving to live from a city to a ruralRead MoreLiving At The City Vs. Living884 Words   |  4 PagesLiving in the City vs. Living in the Country If one were to ask people whether they would love to live in the city or to live in the country, many people would prefer to live in the big city where there is fun, varieties of people to relate with and so on. Though living in the country can also be a preference for some people. However, both places have their own disadvantages and advantage each. So which area is better to live? There are certain factors to consider while choosing whereRead MoreElectronic Items and E-waste898 Words   |  4 Pagesproduced each years are mostly from developing country , The UNEP says that e-waste cause lots of problem to undeveloped country and has an impact on their life and environment. (McAllister,2013). Consumers like to have the newest product that in the market and throw away the old one and that these discarded electronic are products electronic waste. E-waste is increasing very quickly around the world and make lots of problem to people that live in poor countries. E-waste bri ng with it sicknesses, losingRead MoreCountry People Vs City Country Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesCountry People vs. City People The constant buzz of the city or the tranquility of the country? There has always been the debate over country life and city life. The question is, which is better? I am trying to create a new perspective. Country people have advantages over city people and city people have advantages over country people. It boils down to three things, environment, opportunities, and values. The most prevalent difference between country life and city life is the environment. This canRead MoreEssay on Old Home vs New Home884 Words   |  4 PagesOld Home vs New Home While I love going to Romania as much as ever, the convenience of the United States of America keeps me here, leaving the temptations of Romania only as memories from my childhood and a place to visit. Visiting Romania It’s like going to the best vacation where I can eat my favorite food and drink natural flavored drinks. On the other hand living in the United States is quite different in comparison to living in Romania on a huge farm with a lot of land and animals aroundRead MoreFashion by Anna Mowatt1089 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, and have a strong desire to reach the next level of wealth. Even people in the poorer economic classes of society try to carve out an attainable â€Å"status† for themselves within their communities. For example, I have seen many poor people – living in very poor housing, have some of the more expensive cars, and even more expensive â€Å"rims† on their vehicles. They use this as a status symbol of being â€Å"fashionable. † This is one of the easiest ways to have an outward show of wealth and status. Read MoreSupply Chain Management1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"limitless plain of equal fertility† with a city in the middle Theorized that: City price = origin price + transport costs Transport costs = f {weight distance} As a result Products having high weight/value ratio should be produced near the city (see next slide) Other Contributions Land values decrease as move from city More intense land utilization near cities Weber Classification of Materials as: Localized vs. Ubiquitous (available everywhere) Pure vs. Weight-Losing How does a raw material’sRead MoreViolence And Its Effects On Society Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesViolence is known as any acts that involve force, such as Killing, assault, battery and rape. Violence has become a complicated issue that makes people afraid of living their life normally and doing usual acts such as, shopping at night or going to visit a friend. More so, being afraid of leaving home at night, traveling around by a car and carrying large amounts of money while travailing are common effects of the risk that we face because of the terrorist attacks. Moreover, violence affects tourism

Nursing Case Study Management of Cancer-Related Fatigue

Question: Describe about the Nursing Case Study for the Management of Cancer-Related Fatigue. Answer: Nursing Diagnosis Goal Implementation Rationale Evaluate 1. Mild anxiety (post surgery and due to sweating) (Zhou et al.2015). The patient would be able to lessen her level of anxiety and relax. Self-introduction between nurse and patient Establishment of rapport Explanation of procedure When a patient-nurse relationship has been created along with the good rapport, then the nurse would be able to make the patient understand more of the procedure which he would be undergoing treatment. After few minutes of intervention, the patient relaxed, and her anxiety level was decreased. 2. Risk of infection This is to avoid infection in the on going surgery Rules of asepsis are applied Assess for discoloration of skin Signs of infection like redness, warmth The asepsis rule must be known to all the nurses because it avoids the infection in the patients part and the infection signs are the onset of infection. Post surgery, the patient should not show any sign of infection. 3. Deficient in knowledge of treatment, prognosis, and self-care ( Gulanick and Myers 2013). After an hour of implementation, the patient would be able to interrelate between signs and symptoms of the procedure. Effects of surgery and future expectations are reviewed. Resumption and encouragement of light activities like exercises are discussed. Appropriate incisional care is reviewed. It gives an idea of the knowledge base which could help the patient to make choices and also the strenuous activity causes fatigue which help in healing. Since the patient knows the relation between the signs and symptoms, he also has actions to deal with them. 4. Reduced oxygen carrying capacity and haemoglobin level in the blood. ( Jain et al. 2016). In a short term, the patient would show tolerance signs of physical activity and in long basis, a patient would report high energy level. The ability pf the patient to perform the task is accessed. Helps the patient to maintain the balance between rest and activity. Identification of technique for energy saving. The choice of intervention is influenced. The rest-activity balance reduces fatigue and promotes well-being. The technique of energy saving enables the patient to conserve much energy by doing a task. After 8 hours of intervention, he The patient showed improved signs of tolerance and his energy level was also increased which made him independent. 5. Excessive loss of blood and deficit fluid volume during menstruation. ( Takemoto and Beharry 2015). In a short term, the patient would be able to verbalize the blood loss and reduced fluid volume. On the long term, the patient would be shown ways as how to minimize blood loss by eating iron rich foods. Monitoring of VS. Calculation of blood loss by weighing all used pads. Encouragement to eat iron rich foods. VS monitoring would help in the establishment of baseline data nad keeping a check on used pads would help in monitoring blood loss from the patient. Iron rich food would replenish the blood lost during a menstural cycle. The patient was able to understand that why she is having abnormal blood loss during her menstrual cycle and also how the lost blood could be made up by eating iron rich foods. 6.Fear of cervical cancer diagnosis ( Patricia et al. 2015). During an intervention, the patient would be expressing her fear and concern for the diagnosis of cancer. Alternatives to treatment with prognosis Medications prescribed by physicians Training on biofeedback and relaxation tricks. The prognosis gives an idea to the patient about the full regime of the treatment, and the medications would provide him relief. The biofeedback would suppress his stress and increases the comfort level. After few hours of intervention, the patient feels relax and shares his fears and concerns regarding the treatment. 7.Alteration of nutrition ( Sun et al. 2015). In 2-3 days of nursing intervention, the patient should be able to understand the need for balanced diet and stable weight gain. Intake of daily food is monitored The patient is encouraged to eat food with high calorie and adequate fluid. Adjustment of diet prior and after the treatment. It helps in the identification of the deficiencies and strengths of the nutrients and eating encouragement fulfills the needs oof metabolic tissues and diet adjustment relieves the posttherapy nausea of the patient. After the intervention, the patient understands the importance of balanced diet and also the weight gain for recovery. 8. Fatigue due to alteration in body chemistry. ( Borneman 2013). Post 2 hours of intervention, the patient would express various activities to alleviate fatigue. Identification of psychological and physical disease status. Daily pattern is noted. Instructions to skills of stress management. The causative factors for the disease are accessed by the identification. The pattern determination helps to adopt various activities and stress management help to cope up with fatigue. After the intervention, the goal was met, and the patient was fully able to express the different activities. 9. Alteration in tissue perfusion related to hypovolemia. After two days of intervention, the patient should show improved signs of tissue perfusion and increased blood circulation. Factors related to thrombus history and emboli formation is determined. Changes in the peripheral regions such as circulation are identified Calf massaging is discouraged. The contributing factors for the disease are assessed by studying the history and discouragement of calf massaging helps in preventing immobilization. After three days of intervention, the patient was able to relate his prior and after signs of tissue perfusion. 10. Anxiety for death related to stage Iv cancer and metastasis of liver and bone. ( Sommers and Fannin 2014). After 6 hours of intervention, the patient should feel more safe and comfortable to discuss his fears and problems and be adjustable to the environment. Patients grief is assessed. The non-judgemental environment is provided. The experience of patient's care is noted. Knowledge of grief gives normal feeling to the patient, and past experiences gave clear perceptions which help in the treatment of the patient. The environment would give a realistic atmosphere to the patient about his concerns and fears. The patient was more secure and safe in the environment and showed more compassion. References: Borneman, T., 2013. Assessment and management of cancer-related fatigue.Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,15(2), pp.77-86. Gulanick, M. and Myers, J.L., 2013.Nursing care plans: nursing diagnosis and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Jain, N., Halder, A. and Mehrotra, R., 2016. A Mixed Method Research to Identify Perceived Reasons and Solutions for Low Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening in Urban Families of Bhopal Region.Scientifica,2016. Patricia, K.M., Lonia, M., Margaret, M.C., Mutinta, M.C. and Beauty, N.L., 2015. Stress and coping with cervical cancer by patients: A qualitative inquiry.International Journal of Psychology and Counselling,7(6), pp.94-105. Sommers, M.S. and Fannin, E., 2014.Diseases and disorders: A nursing therapeutics manual. FA Davis. Sun, V., Kim, J., Kim, J.Y., Raz, D.J., Merchant, S., Chao, J., Chung, V., Jimenez, T., Wittenberg, E., Grant, M. and Ferrell, B., 2015. Dietary alterations and restrictions following surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancers: key components of a health-related quality of life intervention.European Journal of Oncology Nursing,19(4), pp.343-348. Takemoto, D.M. and Beharry, M.S., 2015. Whats Normal? Accurately and Efficiently Assessing Menstrual Function.Pediatric annals,44(9), pp.e213-e217. Zhou, K., Li, X., Li, J., Liu, M., Dang, S., Wang, D. and Xin, X., 2015. A clinical randomized controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: Results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay.European Journal of Oncology Nursing,19(1), pp.54-59.

The Role of Charity Organizations in Helping the Homeless free essay sample

Homelessness Studies show that homeless people easily spend their money because there is no way for them to save the money. Based on my research, beggars can get $600-$1500 a month. That is a lot of money. Furthermore, six out of ten homeless people have a problem with alcohol and drugs. Being addicted to alcohol means they consume it every day. They buy alcohol every day, which means that they don’t spend their money wisely. So, why do we keep giving them money if they use it for something that only makes their condition worse? In this situation, the best option might be to donate your money through charity organizations to help homeless people. has become a serious problem in our society. In my community, I usually see more than 10 beggars on curbs everyday. Not only are they trying to get money by begging from people but also they are sleeping on the street. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Charity Organizations in Helping the Homeless or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I see homeless people on the street from my car, I usually give them money in hopes that they can use my money to buy food and drink. After a year has passed, I still see the same people beg on the street, but this time they have a ciggare and alcohol in their hand. Why don’t I see any difference in their life? I think their life should be getting better because I always give them money and I believe they get money from other people too because they are able to buy cigaretes and alcohols. I really want to help them through this hard life and based on my experience the best solution to decrease homelessness is not giving them money but donating your money through charitable institutions. Charitable non-profit organizations are groups organized for public service purposes. Their goals are to eliminate hunger and homelessness in community. Charitable organizations provide food, clothes and shelters. Moreover, many philanthropic organizations help homeless peoples from struggle on poverty through job training. So that they have a chance to make their life better financialy. Also, they provide health program with affordable price for people who need a medical support, especially for people who have disability. In other words, through charitable organization we can diminish poverty in society and also decrease homelessness in our community because their life will gradually be better. We can donate our money to nother job is they giving self from You can either dsonate through private or public philanthropy organizations. Not only can you donate your money but you can also give away you clothes,shoes,socks and blankets. On the other hand, not all of the beggars are addicted to alcohol. Maybe some of them really need money. For instance, many homeless people have jobs but their salary is still not enough to pay their bills and rent. Most people have tendency to help by giving money in order to relieve the poor’s pain but this kind of act is not going to get help the. Moreover, not all charity organizations can always afford all homeless people needs. Maybe they dont have enough clothes to give, or they don’t have enough money to cover their administration. However, the charity organizations can definitely do more in order to help homeless people, In conclusion, it is better to give contributions to homeless people through charity organization. Despite the fact that we will give cash money to beggars, they will spend it unwisely. Charity organizations help us to collect things we want to donate and also it makes easier to homeless people because they know where they should go if they need helps. http://www. theatlantic. com/business/archive/2011/03/should-you-give-money-to-homeless-people/72820/ Should You Give Money to Homeless People? DEREK THOMPSON MAR 22 2011, 9:37 AM ET The short answer is no. The long answer is yes, but only if you work for an organization that can ensure the money is spent wisely. * Giving money to the homeless is an economic crisis of the heart, a tug-of-war between the instinct to alleviate suffering and the knowledge that a donation might encourage, rather than relieve, the anguish of the poor. Were all familiar with our mothers reasons not to empty our pockets for beggars. The best help is a shelter not a dollar, shes told us, and Theyll only use it on [something bad] anyway! ATLANTIC ARCHIVES: JANE ADDAMS ON CHARITY, 1899: The Subtle Problems of Charity The studies seem to back up mom, to a degree. One report from the Department of Housing and Urban Development found that six out of ten homeless respondents admitted problems with alcohol or drugs. Given the likelihood of self-reported bias, the actual number could be even higher. Studies on homeless income find that the typical career panhandler who dedicates his time overwhelmingly to begging can make between $600 and $1,500 a month. But since panhandlers often have no way to save their money, theyre incentivized to spend most of their days earnings quickly. This creates a tendency to spend on short-term relief, rather than long-term needs, which can feed this dependency on alcoholic relief. THE CASE FOR GIVING What do economists say about the instinct to help the homeless? (For these purposes, Im ignoring the altruism factor, the idea that if giving 50 cents makes us feel good then its an inherently justifiable donation. ) Some argue that giving cash to cash-needy people is the most efficient way to spend it. Indeed, the Congressional Budget Office has stated explicitly that the most efficient government stimulus targets the poorest Americans. And whos more indigent than a panhandler? Whats more, if you donate to a charity, there are administrative costs and time-lags. If you put your money in the hands of a beggar, however, its fast, easy, and guaranteed to be spent immediately. But the fact that beggars are likely to spend their money quickly is also the problem. Food stamps are considered highly effective government spending, but theyre earmarked for food. Unemployment benefits can go a long way, but recipients have to prove that theyre looking for work. A dollar from your hand to a homeless persons carries no such strings attached. But what would happen if we provided both money and strings? Good magazine found a British non-profit that identified 15 long-term homeless people (rough sleepers, as theyre known across the pond), asked what they needed to change their lives, and just bought it for them. Some asked for items as simple as shoes, or cash to repay a loan. One asked for a camper van. Another wanted a TV to make his hostel more livable. All were accommodated with 3,000 pounds and a broker to help them manage their budget. Of the 13 who agreed to take part, 11 were off the street within a year, and several entered treatment for addiction. The upshot: The homeless often need something more than money. They need money and direction. For most homeless people, direction means a job and a roof. A 1999 study from HUD polled homeless people about what they needed most: 42% said help finding a job; 38% said finding housing; 30% said paying rent or utilities; 13% said training or medical care. BUT WHAT SHOULD YOU DO? Organizations can obviously do more for the needy than we can with the change in our back pocket. But does that mean we shouldnt give, ever? The consistently entertaining economist Tyler Cowen worries that giving to beggars induces bad long-term incentives. If you travel to a poor city, for example, youll find swarms of beggars by touristy locations. If the tourists become more generous, the local beggars dont get richer, they only multiply. Generous pedestrians attract more beggars. Cowen writes: The more you give to beggars, the harder beggars will try. This leads to what economists call rent exhaustion, which again limits the net gain to beggars If you are going to give, pick the poor person who is expecting it least. Im certain that there are some cases where donations to an especially needy beggar are justified. But the ultimate danger in panhandling is that we dont give to every beggar. Theres not enough change in our purses. We choose to donate money based on the level of perceived need. Beggars known this, so there is an incentive on their part to exaggerate their need, by either lying about their circumstances or letting their appearance visibly deteriorate rather than seek help. If we drop change in a beggars hand without donating to a charity, were acting to relieve our guilt rather than underlying crisis of poverty. The same calculus applies to the beggar who relies on panhandling for a booze hit. In short, both sides fail each other by being lured into fleeting sense of relief rather than a lasting solution to the structural problem of homelessness. _______? * Academic research, journalism articles and everyday conversation often use the word homeless, beggar and panhandler to describe the same group. But if were being precise, not all homeless people are beggars, and not all beggars are homeless. More here.